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- <text id=89TT0127>
- <title>
- Jan. 09, 1989: Lessons From On High
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Jan. 09, 1989 Mississippi Burning
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- EDUCATION, Page 65
- Lessons from On High
- </hdr><body>
- <p>Project STAR takes aim at some popular misconceptions
- </p>
- <p> "Don't put the earth upside down," warns Mark Petricone as
- his 13 students struggle with coat hangers and pliers. "And
- remember, folks, the earth isn't really in the middle of the
- universe. This is an incorrect scale model, but astronomers have
- been using it for a couple of thousand years."
- </p>
- <p> The goal for the juniors and seniors at Watertown High in
- Watertown, Mass., is to mount a thimble-size metal earth on a
- coat hanger in the middle of a melon-size clear-plastic sphere
- that is supposed to be the universe. The students then use Magic
- Markers to trace onto the universe a computer-drawn map of a few
- hundred of the brightest stars in the night sky. They draw a
- line around the sphere to represent the ecliptic, or path of the
- sun through the constellations, and then they are ready for some
- gnarly astronomy.
- </p>
- <p> Like the universe, Petricone's classroom is a study in
- controlled chaos. "Are the Pleiades part of Taurus?" Franco
- Mastantuono asks no one in particular. Classmate Lisa David
- explains the difference between a crescent and a gibbous moon
- -- a waxing gibbous, at that. Barry Lyons solves the mystery of
- the moon's phases for a visitor by drawing an impromptu
- diagram. "What was the moon last night?" Petricone bellows. "A
- waxing crescent," Karyn Woodbury shoots back as she assembles
- her celestial sphere. "What about tonight?" Petricone pushes.
- "A first quarter," pipes another voice.
- </p>
- <p> This is classic instruction for Project STAR (Science
- Teaching Through Its Astronomical Roots), a program taught in
- 18 schools in 13 states. STAR is based on the premise that
- books are abysmal tools for learning science. "It's impossible
- to understand an astronomy diagram without using three
- dimensions at proper scale," says Irwin Shapiro, the
- irrepressible director of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for
- Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., and the man who dreamed up
- STAR six years ago. "High school science textbooks are
- impossible. They are dense with concepts and jargon. No one
- understands what's going on." Adds Kenneth Mirvis, who writes
- STAR course materials: "This is not a curriculum of vocabulary
- but of concepts." And, explains Shapiro, "facts are easy;
- concepts are hard."
- </p>
- <p> In his years at Harvard and M.I.T., Shapiro has been struck
- by the difficulty even well-educated adults have with basic
- scientific concepts. Last year he and some colleagues produced
- a half-hour film titled A Private Universe in which half a
- dozen Harvard seniors were asked on graduation day to explain
- why there are seasons. All blithely described how the earth is
- closer to the sun in summer and farther away in winter. Wrong.
- The seasons result from the tilt of the earth's axis relative
- to its orbit. When the sun is highest in the sky, we have
- summer. In fact, the earth is closest to the sun in January.
- </p>
- <p> Through Project STAR, which received $833,000 in seed money
- from the National Science Foundation in 1985, Shapiro hopes to
- correct such misunderstandings. The goal of the program is not
- merely to teach astronomy to high school students but also to
- use astronomical examples to instill basic concepts of math and
- science. Thus students may master the inverse-square law of
- physics by seeing that when a star doubles its distance from a
- certain point, it becomes one-quarter as bright. Why choose
- astronomy for this purpose? "It's not as abstract as chemistry
- and physics," says Shapiro, "and the sky is always there."
- </p>
- <p> Teachers involved in the program, which aims ultimately to
- reach half a million students, spend about a month at the
- astrophysics center learning the fundamentals of the STAR
- approach. They are taught that the road to enlightenment lies
- in the third dimension. "To convert from three dimensions to
- two and back to three again leads to special reasoning
- ability," says project director Philip Sadler.
- </p>
- <p> Consequently, STAR students use a variety of props. With
- 3-D models of the universe, they can visualize just how the
- light of the sun on the moon produces different moon phases.
- They make their own telescopes from cardboard, paper-towel
- cylinders and plastic lenses. (The result is a telescope more
- powerful than the one first used by Galileo.) They record in
- journals the movement of the moon and sun and chart the arrivals
- and departures of the constellations.
- </p>
- <p> The classes, which are separate from the ordinary high
- school science curriculum, tend to attract curious students and
- science buffs. Still, it is often an uphill battle to disabuse
- kids of fallacies that have become ingrained even by age 17.
- "You want to defend your old misconceptions, but you can't,"
- says Matthew Liebman, a STAR student at Massachusetts'
- Framingham North High School. Despite the difficulties,
- preliminary studies by Shapiro's team suggest that STAR students
- have a better grasp of basic scientific concepts and mathematics
- than students in ordinary courses. "We're definitely making
- headway and in directions we hadn't expected," says Sadler, who
- is continually searching for fresh teaching methods.
- </p>
- <p> For students, the gains can be rich. Some of Sadler's
- initial findings reveal that STAR students do about 30% better
- than ordinary students in absorbing concepts and learn about
- twice as much math as their regular counterparts. "I used to
- look up at the night sky and say, `Yeah, so what?' " recalls
- Aphrodite Kapetanakos, a Watertown junior. "Now I show my
- friends a constellation and say, `Check it out!' All they know
- is the Big Dipper."
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
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